Thursday, November 28, 2019

The Donner Party Essays (1219 words) - Donner Party, Donner

The Donner Party Winter of Entrapment A New Look At The Donner Party Joseph A. King King, Joseph. Winter of Entrapment: A New Look at the Donner Party. P.D Meany Publishers, 1992 Winter of Entrapment tells the story of the Donner Party in a way that it has never been told before. Unlike many other books written on this story of hardships, cannibalism, and survival, it is written mostly in regards to the experiences of the Breens, a large family that was part of the Donner Party. The author of this book, Joseph A. King, wanted to write the story as accurately as possible without bias or fictitious legends. Many of the books written previously on the events of the Donner Party have been heavily biased and had unreliable sources. Many people associated with the Donner Party have been harshly judged in articles and books, of which were largely based on testimonies of one survivor who had a reputation for boasting and lying. The book begins with a history of the Breen family and their journey from Ireland to Canada, and eventually to Independence, Missouri. From there they decided it best to move their family to California, for what reasons have not or cannot be v erified--only speculated. Winter of Entrapment then goes on to tell the ordeals of the journey from Missouri to California in great detail. The journey began on April 5, 1846 in Missouri. The story of the Donner Party has many geographic locations, including: Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, Utah, Nevada, and finally California. The bulk of the story took place in the Sierra Nevada, where the Donner Party was trapped with little food and supplies. The Breen family, along with the Graves children and Mary Donner were rescued on March 12, 1847. Relief parties rescued other members of the Donner Party before that date, but the Breen family was not yet capable of surviving the last leg of the journey at that time. Winter of Entrapment tells the story of the Donner Party in chronological order. A few times in the book, King will forewarn to indicate what happens next, but will wait to tell the incident in its entirety until it fits into the story in chronological order. For example, when James Reed is banished from the Donner Party for murdering John Snyder, King went on to say, Reeds wife and four children remained with the company. Reed caught up with the Donners, where his teamsters, Walter Herron joined him. They went on to reach the California settlements, and that story will be told in its place. To assist illuminate the story of the Donner Party, many illustrations have been used in this book. There are maps of specific locations the Donner Party traveled through, photocopies of journal entries, illustrations and pictures of many of the key players in the Donner Party. Also, there are recent photographs of where the Donner Party camped in the Sierra Nevada. The thesis of Winter of Entrapment was difficult to determine for the reason that it tells a story of the Donner Party as it happened through chronological order using as much fact as possible. It is obvious though that King was trying to indicate the bravery and commitment the Breen family had to endure to survive. Using Patrick Breens diary and interviews, King tells the story of the Breens involvement with the Donner Party. In almost all other books written of the Donner Party the Breens, mostly Patrick and Margaret, were regarded unkindly as is suggested by William Eddy, one of the members of the search party. He stated that when he found the campsite where the Breens were located what he saw was shocking indeed. And yet Patrick Brinn [sic] and his wife seemed not in any degree to realize the extent of their peril, or that they were in peril at all. Eddy went on to say that they were found sunning themselves with the bodies of two of the Donners children and Mrs. Graves. He said that the child of Graves was a helpless and innocent lamb among the wolves of the wilderness. And the child was seen sitting next to her mangled mother. King went on to disprove the statements Eddy made by

Sunday, November 24, 2019

fantasy story essays

fantasy story essays In a time long before the great scholars of Istaria can even fathom, a time before the massive northern peaks were formed. A time before light and darkness, before the oldest Dragon Legends, there were the two. Without form or restraints, without origins, they existed and all of reality remained a perfect balance, a precarious equilibrium, an existence that neither changed nor evolved. As the countless eons passed, the two forces changed, one, a force that thrived in decay, chaos and darkness, we have come to know as Arimann. The other, the essence of light and order we call Ariddel. As the Two grew they gained the desire to overcome each other, and a silent war raged on, the material plane formed as a physical product of this war, as each power wished to show its dominance over the other; what one created, the other destroyed, anarchy fed off order and vice versa. No clear victory was possible because both were equal, eternal rivals that could never hope to vanquish one another. The endless war led to a reality in constant turmoil and the balance of the universe was in jeopardy. Both realized that they were powerless towards each other and thus retreated, back to their own realms, they left the middle realm as the final battle ground, where they would play no direct role, but watch with eternal vigil to see who will rise victorious from the ashes of the conflict. Below Zarchire sat on the rock, how long had it been Months? Years? Eons? He sat his lifeless body still, overgrown by the slimy fungus that engulfed all in the cave. Only his mind was alive, lost in meditation drifting endlessly in search of an answer, he chanted, his mind burned with only one thought...how? How could they defeat him, the hatred for himself, for...for the infidels was all that consumed the ancient mind...how? He cursed the name of mheguss Khan, he had let him fall, the dark lord had abandoned him. ...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Case study regarding to organisational effectivness theories

Regarding to organisational effectivness theories - Case Study Example Built in 1891, the company had high potential in the past. However, despite the numerous subsidiaries and an enormously large work force, the company failed to maintain a good performance level. In the 1990s, the company lost around $2.2 billion although a lot of focus had been on the improvement of performance. There are a number of reasons that are responsible for the failure of the company. The first and foremost reason for the dwindling for the progress of Philips was the fact that there had always been the problem of the relative distribution of power between the national organizations and the product divisions of the company. The product divisions were responsible for the manufacturing and the Research & Development sector while the national organizations were to monitor the day to day business of the company in different countries. Technically, the product divisions should have been given more importance, as they focused on and acted globally; though the same did not hold valid when it came to the real scenario. Since the company originally was from Netherlands, most of the managers of the company were Dutch. The Board of members belonging to a particular region posed a risk to the working of the national organizations. The national organizations were basically designed to work autonomously so that the needs of different countries, being different from each other, could be served. At times, the purpose of providing of autonomy was not really fulfilled. Yet the national organizations were still more important than the product divisions. There were attempts that had been made to give more power and credit to the product divisions, which acted universally, rather than the national organizations, which differed across countries. However there was little that changed the situation. Along with structural issues that the company was facing, there were environmental issues too. The increased

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

BHS 499 (Senior Capstone Project) Module 1 CBT Essay

BHS 499 (Senior Capstone Project) Module 1 CBT - Essay Example According to Brennan, Leape & Laird in 1991 and cited by the World Health Organization (2004), a Harvard study reported that 4% of patients encountered some kind of harm in the hospital while about 70% of cases of adverse events led to short-lived disability among patients and 14% of such incidents resulted lead to death The Institute of Medicine or IOM added that annually, "medical errors" reached about 44 000 and 98 000 in hospitals of the USA. Ehsani, Jackson, and Duckett (2006) reported that in Australia alone, an estimated direct costs related to managing adverse patient cases reach up to more than $2 billion per annum. This concerns are very significant because globally, safety and better health of individuals are their basic inherent rights that healthcare institutions must effectively deliver to them. organization (Estes Park Institute, 2008), inappropriate conduct can never be tolerated and continuously being improved. Hindle, Braithwaite and Ledema (2005) emphasized that fatigue, carelessness or lack of knowledge are common factors that resulted care providers to create errors. Although majority of errors are less likely due to behavior but are widely the consequence of underlying factors which are considered as barriers to effective teamwork. Bender (2000) argues also that poor communications among many patients, health care givers and hospital management lead to errors. Gui, Shiew, Bidlake, Cheruvu, Subak-Sharpe, and Fiennes (1999) added that ineffective communication between general practitioners and hospital in some cases often lead to patient safety problems.Finally, adequate reimbursement from insurance carriers is very essential in the healthcare industry as this help manage client's health care expenses and prevent major financial burdens if and when, illness or injury occur. But, millions of citizens' medical coverage is not enough or have no health insurance. Some have lost their insurance coverage or just let it lapse the moment they leave their jobs; while others have very limited knowledge that if they can't afford the cost of private insurance, they may avail of certain financial assistance from government programs. These are some of the issues confronted by many individuals and require further attention. Problem Identification 3 REFERENCES Bender, N. (2000). Action to improve patient safety: "safety" prone health care systems. Ambulatory Outreach, Spring, 6-13. Ehsani, J.P., Jackson, T, and Duckett, S.J. (2006) The incidence and cost of adverse events in Victorian hospitals. Medical Journal of Australia 2006; 184(11): 551-555. Estes Park Institute (2008) The top issues in health care 2008. A Report from Estes Park Institute Englewood, CO 80151. Gross, W.A. (2003) Virginia health insurance guide for consumers. State Corporation Commission's Bureau of Insurance. Richmond, VA 23218. Gui, G., Cheruvu, C., Subak-Sharpe, I., Shiew, M., Bidlake, L., & Fiennes, A. (1999). Communication betwe

Monday, November 18, 2019

Big Businesses and Monopolies of the 1800's Essay

Big Businesses and Monopolies of the 1800's - Essay Example The main industries, steel, mining, sugar, transportation, agriculture, ship-building, wine etc., were under monopoly control in all states before the new initiative which came at the beginning of the 20th century. Under conditions approximating pure competition, price was set in the marketplace. Price tended to be just enough above costs to keep marginal producers in business. Thus, from the point of view of the price setter, the most important factor was costs. If a producer's cost floor was below the prevailing market price, the product would be produced and sold. Since the producer in such a market had little discretion over price, the pricing problem was essentially whether or not to sell at the market price. Monopoly steel industry and sugar production was closely connected with nature of competition and inability of competitors to introduce new competitive products to the market. While costs and demand conditions circumscribe the price floor and ceiling, competitive conditions helped to determine where within the two extremes the actual price should be set. Reaction of competitors was the crucial consideration imposing practical limitations on pricing alternatives (Slichter 1948). During the 1800's, 'natural monopolies' existed in some industries. ... More specifically, a cartel was a voluntary association of producers of a commodity or product organized for the purpose of coordinated marketing that was aimed at stabilizing or increasing the members' profits. A cartel was engage in price-fixing, restriction of production or shipments, division of marketing territories, centralization of sales. Many small companies had the right and obligation to take action that protected and fostered the prosperity of the businesses, but they followed 'silent market and ethical rules' which helped them to compete (Witzel, 2003). While costs and demand conditions circumscribed the price floor and ceiling, competitive conditions created by monopolies helped to determine where within the two extremes the actual price should be set. For instance, if accompany set high price reaction of competitors and buyers was often the crucial consideration imposing practical limitations on pricing. Such behavior considered unethical and was discouraged by partner s and buyers (Hansen, 1957). There were times when a company in such a competitive structure ignored competitive prices. Such activities were also discouraged and eliminated which opened new opportunities for rivals. In addition, poor market performance was also considered as a restraint on competition and the main cause of monopolies (Witzel, 2003). The transport sector brought with it all kinds of difficulties, not least the highly regionalized nature of provision, the large amounts of money invested in existing grid systems and the obligation of local authorities to secure transport provision. Subsidized production of coal and ore, overcapacity and cheap

Friday, November 15, 2019

Effects of Viewpoints on Childcare Health Practice

Effects of Viewpoints on Childcare Health Practice Naela Mahboob How do ideas about childhood and families influence practice? When looking at ideas of childhood and families we bring in various views of how practitioners and professionals can help in supporting their needs in living a good and healthy lifestyle. The main aim is to ensure that development is being promoted and that every child is included within our society. The studies give information for human/childhood behaviour, attitudes, thought patterns, predictions, age range, gender and even cultural data; which in return allow programmes to be developed towards certain age group, gender, culture and ethnicity. The study of childhood behaviour and family is the baseline study from which theorists develop their theory. One of the main theoretical frameworks used to identify childhood and family behaviour is the social constructionism theory. Through social constructionism we are able to analyse our understanding of children and families in order to help, use and create an in depth knowledge in our work with children. It is stated that ‘Social constructionism provides us with a theoretical tool that can help us look at concepts like ‘childhood’ and how these concepts inform thinking, shapes our institutions and inform policy and practice’ (K218, Learning Guide 4, Section 4.3). It is a framework that helps us to understand ideas about childhood and families and in ways in which we can improve practices with them. With frameworks as such a more positive view is taken and the importance of families and children is taken at a high standard, tackling all issues and influe ncing practices deeply. Socially constructed views can have a huge effect on practice as it allows practitioners to be able to identify in depth any arising issues and to be able to find various methods and techniques to resolve them. In order to provide good practice it is necessary to ensure that the child’s needs are put first and are met to the highest ability. In order to put the children’s needs first, practitioners need to provide scaffolding for them ensuring they fully understand the child and are aware in detail of the support that is required. Many emotional strings are attached when working with children as they are vulnerable and unaware of life situations and these ideas give practitioners stronger connections in the way they work with them. It is stated, (K218, Learning Guide 4, Section 4.3) that ‘these social constructions of children are powerful – as many of us feel very strongly when we see images of children and young people in positions of vulnerabilityâ€℠¢. Working in an environment with children creates a raft of new ideas as day to day issues may arise, which in time help in overcoming barriers, developing a better working environment. As well as this due to the lack of resources within families, many of them struggle with stress and poor mental health. Therefore practitioners should prioritise children’s health and wealth being and also guide parents by working with them to access outside support and make use of resources that are accessible to them. The involvement of parents in their child’s education is vital as they have the responsibility to influence there learning by showing support at home and taking part in educational needs. Children with no support from families are vulnerable of becoming a part of the communities’ dangerous socialites. Clearly indicting, ‘A social constructionist argument here is that, the language we use actively constructs and produces the social world in which we live’(K218, Learning Guide 4, Section 4.3). The idea now of bringing agencies to support the home and child in achieving an education has increased. Further guidelines and procedures have been put in place to reach out to parents as well as to influence children in working towards leading a good life and successful future, ensuring now that the child becomes a vital member of society. With this in place, parents are trained to contribute fully, in creating a safe environment for their children, by attending works hops, open days and parent’s evenings. Working alongside families is a crucial aspect when dealing with and taking care of children. Parents, guardians and carers play a vital role in the wellbeing of their children and they must be included within every aspect and decision making any practitioners make, with regards to their children. Practitioners have a duty of providing ongoing support to families when needed in difficult situations. It is specified that, ‘it is important that practitioners are able to assess families where there are difficulties and respond appropriately’ (K218, Learning Guide 5, Section 5.5). Thus, good practice such as observing the interactions between children and parents and also observing they live and work in. must be portrayed by practitioners to influence children’s development, so that, parents are able to take good care of the upbringing of their children. This also helps pupils develop and exceed in their own educational attainments and future wellbeing. However, the main challenges for practitioners are working and dealing with parents who are difficult or unwilling to engage with services. In many situations parents disagree with the support them or their children are being given, leading to conflicting issues. There are many reasons as to why families refuse to participate with the services, which can cause several problems for practitioners in helping them maintain their lifestyles and resolving any issues they may be facing. It is identified (K218, Learning Guide 5, Section 5) ‘working with children, young people and families inevitably involves working with families who are experiencing difficulties, and practitioners need to develop the knowledge and skills to work with these families’. A number of families may feel that they know what is best for their children and therefore are not in need of any help. As well as this many have a lack of trust in the ‘systems’ put in place, which may be due to previ ously bad experiences. To influence practices these issues need to be taken into consideration by practitioners and the knowledge of these situations needs to be a key principle. Over the years, there have been many labels attached to the concepts of childhood and families. The most common label attached to children is disability. The idea of labelling influences practice vastly when working with children and families, as being labelled as disabled often leaves children feeling separated and being looked upon differently within the society, meaning parents needing extra support it taking care of their children. ‘Supporting families where there is an identified need means working with the family as a whole rather than focusing on the needs of one member as opposed to another, although practitioners still have an obligation to assess the needs of the child’ (K218, Learning Guide 5, Section 5.4). In certain circumstances a lot of responsibility comes on the practitioners as they have to work closely alongside the family and a lot of other professionals to ensure the children are developing both mentally and physically. Those with disabilities are in need of extra attention and the need to feel included in order for them to cope. The impact this has on the child’s life can be minimised and improved through resources and professional support from practitioner agencies. The surveillance of children, young people and families has a huge impact on influencing practice. There are many advantages of the use of surveillance, through surveillance we are able to monitor families and children and identify problems they may be facing. One of the main advantages is being able to observe in detail the development of children ensuring that they are protected from any harm. Garret, 2004 ‘links the increased surveillance of children not only to the belief that children need to be protected, but also to the belief that young people need to properly prepared for the world of work, so that they can function in the ‘flexible’ labour market’ (Arai, 2011) As well as this families health and wellbeing can also be closely monitored and with the information given, sufficient amount of support can be provided. With this idea there are also some implications which families go through. One of the main issues is the pressure practitioners, families a nd children face in being looked upon continuously. If a family has been assessed as being in need of monitoring they then have to go through a lot of procedures and regular visits being observed thoroughly. With the use of social constructivist frameworks and through intense studies, programmes are piloted and when deemed successful it is then used in all institutions, via insets/training. Piloted scheme are used quite often base from studies conducted from different childhood experiences and a variety of families situations. Recently, awareness has been raised with the major changes families and children face. ‘These changes in society, family structure, attitudes and practice mean that children and young people have diverse experiences of family life’ (K218, Learning Guide 5, Section 5.2). With this board pictures and feedback from surveys, it is tailor made and created into programmes from life cases studies. Without ideas/cases studies from those areas the programmes are not reliable and success isn’t certain. One of the key challenges is responding to diversity in parenting within practice and assessment. Diversity is sometimes a difficult concept for practitioners to deal with. It is stated ‘Practitioners need to think carefully about the assumptions they make about people to make sure they treat everyone with respect and work to promote equality in the treatment and opportunities offered to all children, young people and families’ (K218, Learning Guide 6, Section 6.1). To influence practice it is necessary that practitioners promote equality and diversity within the working environment. In the Leith example we saw how, due to the social and economic changes, a more diverse community had been created in which children and young people were growing up in. The media as we know plays a huge part in exposing information and opinions on children and young people. The way in which they are seen, often has a huge impact on the way they are treated and taken care of, when working with them. To be able to work effectively with them practitioners need to adapt a positive approach and can influence the decisions taken on their behalf and how the rest of the community see them. ‘Participation involves sharing images and headlines about children and young people as well as discussing discourses of childhood and youth’(K218, Learning Guide 4, Section 4.4). The media can help in reminding people that children deserve to be respected and are permitted to equal rights as well as raising an awareness of their needs. Through the media, we are able to visualise children in depth, showing a clear understanding and seeking out ways to tackle difficult issues in order to influence practice. To be able to work effectively with them practitioner s need to adapt a positive approach by allowing the opportunity for them to be able to speak up for themselves. Our ideas of childhood and families come across a variety of experiences brought forward throughout the centuries. Working alongside families and their children has now become a central focus in ensuring their needs are being fulfilled. Many codes of practice, frameworks and guidelines have been set out to ensure good practice is being influenced conducted across all institutions to send forth a uniformed approach to the people being serviced. The change in perspective and thought about childhood and families, when designing service plans, the need of the individual, educational programme, and policy and funding decisions. In the delivery of a quality service, practitioners have to put them self aside; their crucial thinking, the way of doing things in order to best understand the people they service. With regards to the cultural differences studied, the practitioners now develop an in depth understanding behind their actions. This eliminates stereotypes and al service providers to e mbrace the diversity of young people’s cultures. References Arai, L. (2011) ‘The Surveillance of children, young people and families’ in O’Dell L. and Leverett S. (eds) Working With Children and Young People, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan/ Milton Keynes, The Open University. Kellett, J. and Apps, J. (2011) ‘Assessments of parenting and parenting support need’; in K218 Reading, Working with Children, Young People and Families, Milton Keynes, The Open University. The Open University (2011) K218 Working with Children, Young People and Families, Learning Guide 4 ‘Children, young people, childhood and youth’, The Open University, https://learn2.open.ac.uk/ mod/oucontent/view.php?id=573719 [Accessed 29 December 2014] The Open University (2011) K218 Working with Children, Young People and Families, Learning Guide 5 ‘Children, young people’s and families’ wellbeing’, The Open University, https://learn2.open.ac.uk/ mod/oucontent/view.php?id=604592 [Accessed 29 December 2014] The Open University (2011) K218 Working with Children, Young People and Families, Learning Guide 6 ‘Diversity, inequalities and rights’, The Open University, https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/ oucontent/view.php?id=580650 [Accessed 29 December 2014]

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Dangers Behavior Exposed in Death of a Salesman Essay -- Death Salesma

Dangers Behavior Exposed in Death of a Salesman      Ã‚   Everyone has personal problems that they must face. In the play, Death of a Salesman, the author, Arthur Miller, explores the ways in which some people deal with these problems. Miller reveals Willy Lowman’s tendency to ignore problems as long as possible.   Willy never really does anything to help his situation; he just uses flashbacks to escape into the past.  Ã‚   Through his flashbacks he returns to happier times when problems were scarce. He uses this escape mechanism as if it were a harmless drug that allowed him to cope with living. As the play progresses, the reader learns that even a harmless drug can be dangerous because of the potential for addiction. The first time Willy is seen lapsing off into the past is when he encounters Biff after arriving home. The conversation between Willy and Linda reflects Willy's disappointment in Biff and what he has become - a bum. After failing to deal adequately with his feelings, he escapes back into a time when things were better for his family. It is not uncommon for someone experiencing a low point in life to reminisce about better times.   This enables him to rouse himself so that he can deal with the problems he encounters in the present. Willy Lowman takes it one step further. His refusal to accept reality is so strong that, in his mind, he is transported back in time to relive the happier days of his life. It was a time when Willy and Linda were younger, no one argued, the financial situation was less of a burden, and Biff and Happy enthusiastically welcomed their father back home from long road trips. After a flashback, Willy's need for the "drug" is satiated and he is reassured that ev erything will turn out okay, and th... ...and disillusioned sons. Works Cited Field, B.S.   â€Å"Death of a Salesman† Twentieth Century Literature.   January, 1972. 19-24.   Rpt. in World Literary Criticism.   Ed. Frank Magill.    â€Å"Arthur Miller† Detroit: Gale Research, 1992.   2366-2368. Hoeveler, D. J.   â€Å"Ben’s Influence.†Ã‚   Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman: Modern Critical Interpretations.   Ed. Harold Blum.   Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 1988. 72-81. Magill, Frank.   â€Å"Death of a Salesman.†Ã‚   Master Plots.   Englewood Cliffs: Salem, 1976.   1365-1368. Miller, Arthur.   Death of a Salesman.   New York: Penguin, 1969. ---.   Conversations With Arthur Miller.   Jackson: Mississippi UP, 1987. Parker, Brian.   â€Å"Point of View in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman.†Ã‚   Arthur Miller: A Collection of Critical Essays.   Ed. Robert Corrigan.   Englewood Cliffs:   Prentice Hall, 1969.   98-107.